Individual-level preventive measures during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic among Bangladeshi residents

Delower Hossain; Sumon Ghosh; Nasir Uddin; AHM Musleh Uddin; Tanjila Hasan; Iqramul Haq; Abeer Olive; Sabiha Zarin Tasnim Bristi; Md Injamul Haq Methun; Sukanta Chowdhury

doi:10.54034/mic.e1907

Authors

Delower Hossain Department of Medicine and Public Health, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9269-5353
Sumon Ghosh Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
Nasir Uddin Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan 666303, China https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3227-6506
AHM Musleh Uddin Department of Surgery and Theriogenology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
Tanjila Hasan Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7001-991X
Iqramul Haq Department of Agricultural Statistics, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9183-120X
Abeer Olive East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4410-8158
Sabiha Zarin Tasnim Bristi Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1411-3164
Md Injamul Haq Methun Statistics Discipline, Tejgaon College, Dhaka-1215, Bangladesh
Sukanta Chowdhury Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3053-4241

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54034/mic.e1907

Keywords:

COVID-19, preventive measure, Bangladesh

Abstract

COVID-19 causes mild to severe respiratory illness in humans. Government and non-government authorities along with telecommunication, print and electronic media undertook extensive advertising campaign regarding protective measures against COVID-19 to raise the public awareness. Therefore, this web-based cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate peoples' responses towards COVID-19 during the first wave of COVID-19 in Bangladesh. We performed univariate and multivariate analyses to estimate the association between demographic characteristics, awareness, and individual preventive measures. The overall awareness level of the majority of the respondents (89%, n=920) was good, but the overall score for individual-level preventive measures during lockdown was poor to moderate. The relation between a good level of awareness and a higher level of educational status was found statistically significant (aOR 5.87, 95% CI: 1.58-21.86). Service holders were two times more likely to follow COVID-19 prevention practices than students (aOR 2.08, 95% CI: 1.24-3.51). Despite having adequate knowledge on awareness, many respondents were reluctant to follow preventive measures during the lockdown. The outcomes of this study highlight the requirement for stringent execution of preventative measures by law enforcement agencies to stop the transmission of the COVID-19 virus.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Cucinotta D, Vanelli M. WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis. 2020;91(1):157.

Lake MA. What we know so far: COVID-19 current clinical knowledge and research. Clinical Medicine. 2020;20(2):124.

Pal M, Berhanu G, Desalegn C, Kandi V. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): an update. Cureus. 2020;12(3).

Li YC, Bai WZ, Hashikawa T. The neuroinvasive potential of SARS‐CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID‐19 patients. Journal of medical virology. 2020;92(6):552-5.

Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. New England journal of medicine. 2020.

Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of autoimmunity. 2020;109:102433.

WHO. World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/ (accessed December 2, 2021). 2021.

He F, Deng Y, Li W. Coronavirus disease 2019: What we know? Journal of medical virology. 2020;92(7):719-25.

Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New England journal of medicine. 2020.

Koh D. Occupational risks for COVID-19 infection. Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England). 2020;70(1):3.

Yoo HS, Yoo D. COVID-19 and veterinarians for one health, zoonotic-and reverse-zoonotic transmissions. Journal of veterinary science. 2020;21(3).

Singla R, Mishra A, Joshi R, Jha S, Sharma AR, Upadhyay S, et al. Human animal interface of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) transmission: a critical appraisal of scientific evidence. Veterinary research communications. 2020:1-12.

Goumenou M, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A. Possibility of transmission through dogs being a contributing factor to the extreme Covid‑19 outbreak in North Italy. Molecular Medicine Reports. 2020;21(6):2293-5.

CDC. How COVID-19 Spreads. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html (accessed 30 October 2021). 2021.

WHO. Emerging respiratory viruses, including COVID-19: method for detection, prevention, response, and control. https://extranet.who.int/goarn/emerging-respiratory-viruses-including-covid-19-methods-detection-prevention-response-and-control (accessed 25 September 2021). 2020.

Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, Jones FK, Zheng Q, Meredith HR, et al. The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application. Annals of internal medicine. 2020;172(9):577-82.

Schoeman D, Fielding BC. Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge. Virology journal. 2019;16(1):1-22.

Day M. Covid-19: identifying and isolating asymptomatic people helped eliminate virus in Italian village. BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online). 2020;368.

Rivett L, Sridhar S, Sparkes D, Routledge M, Jones NK, Forrest S, et al. Screening of healthcare workers for SARS-CoV-2 highlights the role of asymptomatic carriage in COVID-19 transmission. elife. 2020;9:e58728.

Snider B, Patel B, McBean E. Asymptomatic Cases, the Hidden Challenge in Predicting COVID-19 Caseload Increases. Infectious Disease Reports. 2021;13(2):340-7.

Tian S, Hu N, Lou J, Chen K, Kang X, Xiang Z, et al. Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing. Journal of infection. 2020;80(4):401-6.

WHO. Advice for the public: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public (accessed 20 October 2021). 2021.

BBC. Covid-19 vaccine: First person receives Pfizer jab in UK – BBC News. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55227325 (accessed 15 July 2021). 2020.

WHO. COVID19 Vaccine Tracker. 8 Vaccines Approved for Use by WHO. https://covid19.trackvaccines.org/agency/who/ (accessed 30 November 2021). 2021.

WHO. Status of COVID-19 Vaccines within WHO EUL/PQ evaluation process. https://extranet.who.int/pqweb/sites/default/files/documents/Status_COVID_VAX_19August2021.pdf (accessed 20 October 2021). 2021.

Banik R, Rahman M, Sikder T, Gozal D. COVID-19 in Bangladesh: public awareness and insufficient health facilities remain key challenges. Public health. 2020;183:50.

Kundu S, Al Banna M, Sayeed A, Begum MR, Brazendale K, Hasan MT, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and preventive practices toward the COVID-19 pandemic: an online survey among Bangladeshi residents. Journal of Public Health. 2021:1-15.

DGHS. COVID-19 Dynamic Dashboard for Bangladesh. http://103.247.238.92/webportal/pages/covid19.php (accessed 2 December 2021). 2021.

Moona AA, Daria S, Asaduzzaman M, Islam MR. Bangladesh reported delta variant of coronavirus among its citizen: Actionable items to tackle the potential massive third wave. Infection Prevention in Practice. 2021.

Saha S, Tanmoy AM, Tanni AA, Goswami S, Al Sium SM, Saha S, et al. New waves, new variants, old inequity: a continuing COVID-19 crisis. BMJ Global Health. 2021;6(8):e007031.

Islam MS, Tusher TR, Roy S, Rahman M. Impacts of nationwide lockdown due to COVID-19 outbreak on air quality in Bangladesh: a spatiotemporal analysis. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. 2021;14(3):351-63.

Begum MR, Khan MSI, Sayeed A, Kundu S, Hossen MM, Al Banna MH, et al. Mental health difficulties of adults with COVID-19-like symptoms in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional correlational study. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports. 2021;4:100103.

Banna MHA, Sayeed A, Kundu S, Christopher E, Hasan MT, Begum MR, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of the adult population in Bangladesh: a nationwide cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 2020:1-12.

Clements JM. Knowledge and behaviors toward COVID-19 among US residents during the early days of the pandemic: cross-sectional online questionnaire. JMIR public health and surveillance. 2020;6(2):e19161.

Erfani A, Shahriarirad R, Ranjbar K, Mirahmadizadeh A, Moghadami M. Knowledge, attitude and practice toward the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak: a population-based survey in Iran. Bull world Health organ. 2020;30(10.2471).

Zhong B-L, Luo W, Li H-M, Zhang Q-Q, Liu X-G, Li W-T, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey. International journal of biological sciences. 2020;16(10):1745.

Masoud AT, Zaazouee MS, Elsayed SM, Ragab KM, Kamal EM, Alnasser YT, et al. KAP-COVIDGLOBAL: a multinational survey of the levels and determinants of public knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19. BMJ open. 2021;11(2):e043971.

Greenhalgh T, Schmid MB, Czypionka T, Bassler D, Gruer L. Face masks for the public during the covid-19 crisis. Bmj. 2020;369.

Brooks JT, Butler JC, Redfield RR. Universal masking to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission—the time is now. Jama. 2020;324(7):635-7.

Dkhar SA, Quansar R, Saleem SM, Khan SMS. Knowledge, attitude, and practices related to COVID-19 pandemic among social media users in J&K, India. Indian journal of public health. 2020;64(6):205.

Ferdous MZ, Islam MS, Sikder MT, Mosaddek ASM, Zegarra-Valdivia J, Gozal D. Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladesh: An online-based cross-sectional study. PloS one. 2020;15(10):e0239254.